Diseases
Important terms
Diseases- Dis-ease
or absence of easiness or comfort in body is called diseases.
Infection diseases-
Which transmit from one persons another person.
Epidemiology- Study
of mode of transmission of infectious diseases.
Immunology- mechanism
of developing protection against attack of diseases.
Louis pasture-
scientist who first introduce-bacteria may cause disease. Treatment of rabies.
Edward Jenner- First
scientist who introduce immunology first.
Infection- Entry
and production of disease by parasite.
Pathogens- Organism
which cause diseases.
Resistance-
Developed immunity against disease.
Inoculation- Method
of introducing antibodies inside the body. E.g. small pox and vaccine.
Vaccination- Method
of introducing antibodies inside the body .
Incubation period- It
is the period between the entry of pathogen and first symptoms of disease.
Classification of
diseases
1. Congenital
diseases− diseases with birth.
2. Acquired
diseases—diseases after birth.
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Communicable or Non communicable or
Infectious diseases non- infectious diseases
Q. Write different
between communicable and non communicable disease.
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Communicable
diseases
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Non- communicable
diseases
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1. These are caused by pathogens or causative agents- like
virus bacteria, fungi, protozoan, helminthes blood transfusion etc.
2. The disease is transmitted from one person to another.
3. Mode of transmission present.
4. Typhoid, cholera tuberculosis, AIDS, STDs are examples
of communicable diseases.
5. Factors are lack of sanitation and spreading of vectors
(insects) etc.
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1. These are not caused by pathogens or causative agents.
2. These diseases are not transmitted from one person to
another.
3. No mode of transmission
4. Cancer, heart disease, blood pressure, diabetes are
example of non communicable diseases.
5. Factors are over nutrition, idle-habit, worried and
lack of physical exercise.
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Communicable diseases
1. introduction-3-6
2. Causative agent-1
3. Mode of
transmition-1
4. Incubation
period-1
5. Symptoms-4 or5
6. Control
Typhoid (Enteric fever)
Introduction- Typhoid
is an acute infection of the. It is common diseases of Nepal.
Causative agent- salmonella
typhi.1.0 to 1.5 μm in length. Rod shaped bacterium.
Mode of transmission-
contaminated food and water by intestinal discharges. Files also. Healthy
carries (has the bacteria but not suffering by the diseases) can also
transmitted the diseases.
Incubation period- 2
weeks (approx)
Symptoms-
1. High fever for 2-3 weeks
2. Slow
pulse, abdominal tenderness. Ulceration in intestine.
3.
Hemorrhage in intestine.
4. Death
due to puncturing of intestine.
Control-
1. Prophylaxis: purification of
drinking water. Cave on personal hygiene.
2. Prevention: Well disposal of discharges of patient.
Immunization.
3. Treatment:
Chloromycetin (Amoxicillin) chloramphenical
Tuberculosis
Introduction- More
common in rural areas of Nepal.
It is considered as very serious diseases. It is a cause of maternal mortality
in world. Lungs are the major favorable sites of infection by the diseases.
Bacteria produce tuberculin toxin which cause tuberculosis. Types of TB are
pulmonary (lungs) and extra pulmonary TB (except lungs)
Causative agent- Mycobacterium tuberculosis- Identify by
Robert Koch in 1882.
Mode of infection- Sputum,
droplets contaminated air of patient.
Incubation period- Few-weeks to years.
Symptoms-
1. loss of appetite and weight
sweat in night and fever
2. Cough
for more than 2 weeks, chest pain
3.
Blood-stained sputum ( Haemoptysis)
Control-
1. Prophylaxis: personal hygiene
and nutrition.
2.
Prevention- Sanitation, boiled milk BCG vaccination
3.
Treatment- Ethambutal, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide etc. Dots of HMG program in Nepal.
Ascariasis
Introduction- It
is a common round worm. It is cosmopolitan in distribution. It is intestinal
endo parasite.
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| unfertilized egg |
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| fertilized egg |
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| Juveniles inside the egg |
Causative agent
Ascaris lumbricoides, intestinal
parasite.
Morphology- Male
and female
Female ascaris is longer straight than male. Which lay about
200000 egg daily. Egg are passed out with faces. Male ascaris has curved
tail-end male ascaris has curved tail-end with two copulatory spicules.
Mode of infection
Feco-oral route. Fertilized egg
is infective stage. These may exist in contaminated vegetable water and finger
also.
Incubation period: few weeks to month
Symptoms
The diseases caused by Ascaris
are called ascariasis. Symptoms are.
1.
Indigestion and abdominal pain
2.
Appendicitis and gastric ulcers
3. Diarrhea
and vomiting.
4. Loss of
weight and anemia.
Control
1. Prophylaxis: Proper disposal
of faces careful on sanitation and hygiene
2. Prevention: drink boiled
purified water.
3. Treatment: Mebendazole,
Albendazole or piperazine 200/100 mg for adult/child for four days.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Introduction
Aids fail human defensive system. AIDS impairs T4lymphocytes
cell.
Origin of AIDS-
May spread from
central Africa sharing from monkey. First appeared in Haiti
and USA.
It Nepal it was recorded in 1988.80,000 are
suffering in Nepal.
Causative agent
LAV( lymphadenopthy) in 1983 by
French physician. And introduced-
-
Inter-nationally immunodeficiency virus.
Mode of transmission
1. In 90% cases HIV virus is transmitted by sexual contact.
In passes
from infected partner through vaginal or anal intercourse or kissing.
2. Use of unsterilised needles by intravenous drug unsers (infected
druggist)
3. Transfusion or donating blood infected with HIV, infect
the recipient.
4. Placenta or through breast milk during sucking.
Infected pregnant women can pass
the virus to her body through breast milk during sucking (25-50%)
Incubation period
Few months to 6 years or more
Symptoms
1. First flu-like short illness then no further effect for
month of year.
2. Then AIDS related complex ( ARC) symptoms are seen
i. Diarrhea for month.
ii. Fever and night sweats.
iii. 10%
weight loss
iv Lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly ( swelling
of lymph node and spleen)
v. Septicemia (blood poisoning)
Death
due to uncontrolled or untreatable infection.
vi. In further life Kaposi sarcoma may occur
(cancer of skin and mucous membrane.)
Vii Cytomegalovirus retinitis (Inflammation
of retina causes blindness)
viii. Pneumonia, meningitis, skin infection
etc.
Test
Anti-HIV antibodies are seen in the blood sample ( HIV positive).
Sometime it will not be successful test. ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno- Sorbent
Assay) Test is done to be confirmed about the HIV.
Control
i. prophylaxis
Safe
sexual intercourse with partner.
ii. Prevention
Sex
education.
Screening before
blood transfusion.
Use condom.
iii. Use of
Azidothymidine or zidovudine which slows progression of
disease.
─Sumarin is an antiparasitic drug.
─Didonosine and zalcitabine to prolong life.
Kalazar ( leishmania
donovani)
Introduction
Systematic position
Phylum-Protozoa
Class- flagellate
Order-
kinetoplostidia
Genus- Leishmania
Species- donovani
The pathogenic flagellate parasite found in reticulo-
endothelial system (liver, spleen bone-marrow)
History- Biologist leishman reported the parasite
from London in 1903.Another biologist Donovan
reported the parasite in spleen smears of patient in Madras in same year. So the name of parasite
became Leishmania Donovani.
Mode of infection - Sand
Fly (Phlebotomus argentipes). There
are the two types of parasites of the leishmania
donovani.
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Amastigote stage
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Promastigote stage
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Promastigote ( leptomonad form) in sand fly Amastigote ( leishmanial form ) in man
Seen in UV rays and normal state by microscope
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